The most common symptom is swelling in part of one testicle. This is usually painless, but some men may notice an ache in their lower abdomen or in the affected testicle. There may be a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. In a few men the testicle suddenly becomes swollen and very tender.

When a normal testicle is examined, it is round, soft and smooth. The epididymis can be felt behind it as a separate structure. Cysts and benign swellings in the epididymis are quite common and are usually harmless. Lumps in the body of the testes itself may be benign but can be a cancer. It is sensible to have any swelling examined by a doctor.

A few men may find that their first symptoms (such as backache, stomach ache, or a cough) are caused by spread of the cancer cells to other parts of the body. Rarely, tender nipples may be caused by hormonal changes within the body. If you have any of the above symptoms it is important to let your doctor know – but remember, they are more likely to be due to conditions other than cancer.

Cancers that are found early are the most easily treated. The best way to check for testicular cancer is to examine yourself once a month and the best time to do this is after a warm bath or shower, when the scrotal skin is relaxed. If you would like to find out more about testicular self-examination, Cancerbackup can send you a leaflet.

If you find a swelling in a testicle, it is very important that you have it checked by your doctor as soon as possible. If you feel embarrassed about seeing your GP, you can go to your local sexual health clinic. The details will be in the health section of your local phone book.